Extended Data Fig. 3: Simulations of pressure, flow distribution, and vibration modes of the EXODUS device.

a, COMSOL simulation showing the pressure distribution in a cross-section view of the EXODUS device when applying a −20 kPa negative pressure (NP) from the L-outlet. The sample is injected from the top opening into the sample reservoir. b, Distribution of flow velocity on the membrane from top to bottom. The flow velocity is between 45 and 60 μm/s, with a variation below 25%. c, Simulation of different vibration modes for a clamped circular nanoporous AAO membrane at their representative vibration frequencies: 469.8 Hz (5–700 Hz), 1281.8 Hz (700–1600 Hz), 1861.8 Hz (1600–3000 Hz), 3717.8 Hz (3000–5000 Hz), 5921.8 Hz (5000–8000 Hz), and 10562 Hz (8000–11500 Hz). The integer index m refers to the azimuthal node number. The index n refers to the nth non-trivial zero of the Bessel function. The high-frequency oscillation of the membrane at 6250 Hz by piezoelectric transducer has a (0,4) vibration mode, while the low high-frequency oscillation of the membrane at 200 Hz by vibration motor has a (0,1) vibration mode. The scale ranges from no displacement (dark blue) to maximum displacement (dark red).