Extended Data Fig. 5: Cross-application of trained deep neural networks can reveal bias to training data.
From: Deep learning-enhanced light-field imaging with continuous validation
We created two kinds of samples, one with small (0.1 μm) and one with medium-sized (4 μm) beads suspended in agarose. In (a), HyLFM-Net was trained on small beads and applied to small beads. FWHM of the beads in the reconstructed volume is shown (6025 beads measured). b, HyLFM-Net was trained on large beads and applied to large beads (682 beads measured). In (c), HyLFM-Net was trained on small beads and used to reconstruct a volume with large beads (525 beads measured). Similarly, in (d), HyLFM-Net trained on large beads and used to reconstruct a volume with small beads (2185 beads measured). e, SPIM image of 0.1 μm beads, (f) reconstructions of HyLFM-Net from (a), trained on small beads, (g) reconstructions from HyLFM-Net from (d), trained on large beads. h, SPIM image of 4 μm beads, i, reconstructions of HyLFM-Net from (b), trained on large beads, (j) reconstructions of HyLFM-Net from (c), trained on small beads. Line profile is shown to highlight a reconstruction error (red arrows), where the network reconstructs very small beads (as found in the training data) and produces an additional erroneous peak where none is present in the ground truth SPIM volume. Shadows in (a–d) denote standard deviation. Scale bar 2 μm in (e–g), and 10 μm in (h–j).
