Fig. 5: Long-term high-speed imaging of subcellular dynamics in living mouse livers.

a, Whole-FOV and enlarged MIPs of neutrophils and vessels in a living mouse liver with strong motions induced by respiration, obtained by LFM, VsLFM, sLFM and sLFM with the time-weighted algorithm, respectively. b, MIP of a neutrophil washed away by the blood flow in vessels, which was captured by VsLFM at 12 vps. The tracked trace obtained with Imaris 9.0.1 software was overlaid with the temporal information coded in different colors. The overall flow duration is 1.33 s, from t = 0.67 s to t = 2.00 s. c, Center view of spatial–angular components and corresponding reconstructed MIPs of marked regions in b at t = 1.167 s, obtained by LFM, VsLFM and sLFM, respectively. The orange arrow indicates the movement direction and the white arrows indicate the motion artifacts in sLFM. d, MIPs of neutrophils with high-speed migration in a living mouse liver, obtained by LFM, VsLFM and sLFM, respectively. The neutrophil at t = 86.3 s moved slowly without motion artifacts, and the retraction fiber could be observed with high resolution by both VsLFM and sLFM. However, at t = 488.8 s the neutrophil migrated at high speed, leading to visible motion artifacts in the sLFM results. The upper-right insets show the corresponding Fourier transform of the MIPs, which also show the periodic frequency patterns caused by sample motion in the sLFM results. Meanwhile, VsLFM effectively eliminates motion artifacts with high spatial resolution. Scale bars, 10 μm (a–c), 10 μm (main) and 3 μm⁻¹ (inset) (d).