Fig. 1: Comprehensive end-to-end pipeline for single-particle cryo-electron tomography.

Sequence of steps required to convert raw tilt series into high-resolution structures. a, High-throughput data collection using beam-image shift accelerated cryo-electron tomography produces raw tilt series in parallel. b, Pre-processing of tilt series is performed on-the-fly during data collection and includes the steps of frame and tilt-series alignment (fiducial-based and patch-based using equal size patches), tilted CTF estimation and reconstruction and particle picking using size-based, geometry-based or neural network-based approaches. DF, defocus; Resol, resolution. c, High-resolution constrained refinement consists of reference based, fully constrained, region-based and particle-based CTF refinement steps, followed by constrained 3D classification and video frame refinement resulting in final high-resolution maps.