Fig. 3: Subcellular delivery to live cells.

a, Illustration of punctual and extended labeling of a cell. b, Fluorescence images of a region of a COS-7 cell membrane, where GM1 lipids are punctually labeled by CTxB-AF488 at the time of labeling (i) and 3, 6 and 12 s subsequently ((ii)–(iv), respectively). Measurement representative of a recorded series of size n = 8. Scale bar 1 μm. c, Fluorescence images of the ‘extended’ membrane labeling of GM1-CTxB-AF488, following 150 (i), 350 (ii) and 955 s (iii) of continuous labeling. Scale bars 10 μm. d, Fluorescence signal along the dashed line from c as a function of time. Dashed lines guide the eye. e–h, Demecolcine treatment of microtubule network. e, Fluorescence image of pmEGFP-labeled microtubule network. Scale bar 10 μm. f, Close-up view of demecolcine target region (dashed line) before exposure. g, Retraction of microtubules in the target area following continuous demecolcine exposure. h, Same region as f, 6 min after cessation of demecolcine delivery. Scale bars f–h, 2 μm. i, Kymograph visualizing the retraction and recovery of several chosen microtubules in the target area following the cessation of demecolcine application over time. Details of analysis provided in Supplementary Section 7. Measurement representative of recorded series (n = 5). j, Composite image showing a cell via confocal iSCAT (grayscale) and delivery of fluorescent beads (orange, 200 nm) to the membrane at the apical center of the cell (left), with close-up view (right). Scale bars 10 μm (left) and 5 μm (right). k, Particle-wise delivery of m individual fluorescent virus-like particles (red) in time on a cell (confocal iSCAT). Scale bars 1 μm.