Fig. 2: Comparison of linear, XVFI and InterpolAI interpolations for pancreatic histology image stacks. | Nature Methods

Fig. 2: Comparison of linear, XVFI and InterpolAI interpolations for pancreatic histology image stacks.

From: InterpolAI: deep learning-based optical flow interpolation and restoration of biomedical images for improved 3D tissue mapping

Fig. 2

a, ROI were selected from WSIs to include all microanatomical features (islets, ducts, vessels, fat, acini, ECM and PanIN). Slides were interpolated, skipping seven slides between adjacent sections, generating seven slides. b, ROI 1 shows a comparison of interpolated to the authentic ROI for the middle-interpolated image for ducts and vessels. Arrowheads show linear interpolation replacing damage with acini as opposed to whitespace, creating noise around the ducts, incorrectly generating fat and unable to preserve vessel structure. Dashed arrows show XVFI removed damage, kept some black damage artifacts and incorrectly generated hued acini within the interpolated whitespace. Arrow shows InterpolAI correctly restored whitespace. c, ROI 2 shows a comparison of interpolated to the authentic ROI for the middle-interpolated image for ducts, fat and vessels. Arrowheads show linear interpolation creates duct lumen and fat shadows resembling islets as well as nonexistent fat regions. Red boxes show XVFI was unable to interpolate cellular information unlike InterpolAI. Dashed arrows show XVFI created a purple hued band, lacking cell nuclei around the lumen of the duct. d, Cell counts comparison between authentic H&E and interpolated images, and percentage error in cell counts. e, PCA of 13 Haralick features for authentic, and interpolated images for various numbers of skipped images. Mean Euclidean distance of interpolated images from authentic images based on 13 Haralick features. f, IHC slides were interpolated and compared to authentic slides for validation. Middle slide is compared with the interpolated images. Arrow shows InterpolAI preserves vessel structure, unlike linear interpolation, which was also unable to preserve fat domains such as XVFI (arrowheads and dashed arrow). g, Comparison of CD45+ cell counts in authentic images and interpolated images when skipping 7 and 12 slides. h, PCA of 13 Haralick features for authentic and interpolated IHC images for various numbers of skipped images. Mean Euclidean distance of interpolated images from authentic images is based on 13 Haralick features. Error bars represent mean ± s.d. *P ≤ 0.05, **P ≤ 0.01, ***P ≤ 0.001, ****P ≤ 0.0001. Supplementary Table 2 for exact P values calculated via two-tailed Mann–Whitney U-test, mean and s.d.

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