Supplementary Figure 3: Examples of behaviorally gated responses in VPr.

Raster plots and PSTHs (mean firing rate ± SEM) of three VPr neurons. Blue shaded areas indicate the duration of Safe sounds; Red shaded areas show the duration of Warning sounds. Green vertical dashed lines indicate sound onset and offset. Gray shaded areas between red vertical dashed lines indicate the duration of the behavioral response window. In the three VPr cells above, there were no responses to task stimuli during quiescent listening conditions. However, when the animal engaged in behavior (tone detection (PT-D) in all three examples), the single units showed clear and striking responses to the task-relevant Warning stimulus (tone) in a manner similar to behaviorally gated responses previously described in frontal cortex¹⁸. (A) Task-gated sustained response, with a latency of about 150 ms, that lasted throughout and well beyond the post-stimulus shock period. No persistent post-passive effects. (B) Very long latency (1.8 sec) sustained response that slightly anticipated tone offset and continued throughout and beyond the post-stimulus shock period. Very short latency responses to Safe and Warning stimuli in the post-passive. (C) Task-gated rapid onset and sustained inhibitory response that lasted throughout and well beyond stimulus duration period into the post-stimulus period and up into the response (shock) window 400–800 ms after stimulus offset.