Supplementary Figure 3: Causal relation between green space exposure and affect.

Within-subject associations between green space exposure estimates and affective valence for two models with different causal assumptions: (1) green space exposure within the 5 minute time frame prior to the e-diary prompts predicting the following affective valence ratings (that is, model of our main analysis, standardized beta coefficient = 0.056, P = 0.003, left panel) vs. (2) affective valence ratings predicting the green space exposure within the 5 minute time frame following the e-diary prompts (that is, model with inverted causal logic, standardized beta coefficient = 0.017, P = 0.209, right panel). In model (2), all other elements of the model were kept constant with that of our main analysis (see Methods, section “multilevel analysis”). P-values for the beta coefficients are two-sided and derived from the t-statistics of the multilevel model. Dark gray lines illustrate the respective main effect for the estimated green space – affective valence associations. Thus, our data depicted in Fig. 3 above support our hypothesis of a causal effect of urban green space exposure on affective valence in everyday life.