Supplementary Figure 10: Plasticity of CS and US responses in VIP BLA interneurons during learning.

a, Full repeated fear conditioning paradigm. b, Implant sites of GRIN lenses (blue lines, N=7) within the BLA of VIP-cre mice for repeated fear conditioning experiments. c, Average mean CS responses increase across trials of repeated fear conditioning (Friedman test, F=85.63, P<0.0001; Dunn’s multiple comparisons test comparing CS+ responses to preceding trial, D1 CS2 vs CS3, P<0.0001, D2 CS1 vs CS2, P=0.0013, D2 CS1 vs CS2, P=0.0112, D2 CS2 vs CS3, P=0.0133; n=201 cells from N=7 mice). d, Average mean US responses decrease across trials of repeated fear conditioning (Friedman test, F=185.4, P<0.0001; Dunn’s multiple comparisons test comparing US responses to preceding trial, D1 CS2 vs CS3, P=0.0004; n=201). e, Full conditioning paradigm applying unpredicted weak and predicted strong foot shocks after association of weak foot shocks with a short auditory CS. f, Implant sites of GRIN lenses (blue lines, N=5). g, Example Ca²⁺ traces from VIP BLA interneurons during conditioning. Arrowheads indicate time points of CS presentations (gray) with weak US (red). Scale bars, 10% ∆F/F, 60 s. h, Mean CS/US response from all recorded VIP BLA interneurons (n=122 cells from N=5 mice) averaged across six trials during conditioning. Scale bars, 0.5% ∆F/F, 5 s. i, Corresponding average US responses for individual trials (n=122). Scale bars, 0.5% ∆F/F, 2 s. j, Decrease of mean US amplitudes across trials (Friedman test, F=33.71, P<0.0001; Dunn’s multiple comparisons test comparing US responses to preceding trial, US5 vs US6, P=0.0058, n=122). k, Fraction of VIP BLA interneurons significantly modulated by the US in trial 1 and trial 3 (Pearson’s χ² test, P=0.0261, n=122) during conditioning. l, Mean CS responses in VIP BLA neurons (n=111, N=5) averaged for trials with subsequent US (black) and CS only trials (blue). Scale bars, 0.5% ∆F/F, 5 s. m, Fraction of VIP BLA interneurons significantly modulated by the US in trial 1 and first unexpected trial 3 (n=111). n, Mean CS/US responses in VIP BLA neurons (n=108, N=5) averaged for trials with subsequent weak (black) or strong US (red). Scale bars, 0.5% ∆F/F, 5 s. o, Fraction of VIP BLA interneurons significantly modulated by the US in trial 1 and first stronger trial 3 (Pearson’s χ² test, P=0.005; Fisher’s exact test US excited, two-sided, P=0.0312, n=108). Data is shown as mean and s.e.m. * P<0.05, ** P<0.01, *** P<0.001. Details of statistical analysis are listed in Supplementary Table 3.