Fig. 2: The vagal response to sugars, sugar analogs and non-caloric sweeteners depends on duodenal CCK-labeled neuropod cells.

a, In CckCRE_Halo mice, vagal responses to intraduodenal stimuli were recorded, while CCK-labeled neuropod cells were simultaneously silenced with 532-nm light. b, Vagal responses to baseline (PBS), sucrose (300 mM) (N = 6), α-MGP (150 mM) (N = 5) and sucralose (15 mM) (N = 5) with and without intraluminal optical inhibition with 532-nm light. c, Quantification of peak responses (*P < 0.02 by Kruskal–Wallis test with non-parametric comparisons using Wilcoxon methods). Inhibition with 532-nm light significantly suppressed peak responses when delivered with intraluminal infusion of sucrose (P = 0.0034), α-MGP (P = 0.0122) and sucralose (P = 0.0122). In vitro coculture electrophysiology confirmed the dependence of vagal nodose neuron response to sugars on neuropod cells; see Extended Data Fig. 2c. Gray vertical bars indicate infusion, the bold line indicates the mean, and the shaded regions/error bars indicate s.e.m.