Skip to main content

Thank you for visiting nature.com. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. To obtain the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in Internet Explorer). In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles and JavaScript.

  • Perspective
  • Published:

Gender and geographical disparity in editorial boards of journals in psychology and neuroscience

Subjects

Abstract

We reviewed publicly available information from the top 50 journals worldwide in psychology and neuroscience to infer the proportions of editors by gender and country of affiliation. In both fields, the proportions of male and female editors differed significantly, both across editorial roles and within various role categories. Moreover, for 76% of psychology journals and 88% of neuroscience journals more than 50% of editors were male, whereas only 20% and 10%, respectively, had a similar proportion of female editors. US-based academics outnumbered those from other countries as editors in both psychology and neuroscience beyond what would be expected from approximate rates of senior psychology and neuroscience scholars worldwide. Our findings suggest that editorial positions in academic journals—possibly one of the most powerful decision-making roles in academic psychology and neuroscience—are balanced in neither gender nor geographical representation.

This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution

Access options

Buy this article

Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout

Fig. 1: Overall proportion of male and female editors in the top 50 journals in psychology and neuroscience.
Fig. 2: Proportion of male and female editors at each of the top 50 journals in psychology and neuroscience.
Fig. 3: Country of affiliation of editors at the top 50 journals in psychology and neuroscience.

Similar content being viewed by others

Reference

  1. Gruber, J. et al. The future of women in psychological science. Perspect. Psychol. Sci. 16, 483–516 (2020).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Roberts, S. O., Bareket-Shavit, C., Dollins, F. A., Goldie, P. D. & Mortenson, E. Racial inequality in psychological research: trends of the past and recommendations for the future. Perspect. Psychol. Sci. 15, 1295–1309 (2020).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Ryu, M. Minorities in Higher Education: Twenty-fourth Status Report (American Council on Education, 2010).

  4. Llorens, A. et al. Gender bias in academia: a lifetime problem that needs solutions. Neuron 109, 2047–2074 (2021).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Fowler, G. et al. Women outnumber men in psychology graduate programs. Monitor on Psychol. 49, 21 (2018).

    Google Scholar 

  6. Stricker, E. M. The 2003 ANDP Survey of Neuroscience Graduate, Postdoctoral, and Undergraduate Programs (Association of Neuroscience Departments and Programs, 2003).

  7. Webber, K. L. & González Canché, M. Is there a gendered path to tenure? A multi-state approach to examine the academic trajectories of US doctoral recipients in the sciences. Res. High. Educ. 59, 897–932 (2018).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Ginther, D. & Kahn, S. in The Economics of Economists: Institutional Setting, Individual Incentives and Future Prospects (eds. A. Lanteri et al.) 285–315 (Cambridge Univ. Press, 2014).

  9. National Research Council. Gender Differences in Critical Transitions in the Careers of Science, Engineering, and Mathematics Faculty (The National Academies Press, 2010).

  10. Williams, W. M. & Ceci, S. J. National hiring experiments reveal 2:1 faculty preference for women on STEM tenure track. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 112, 5360–5365 (2015).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. National Science Foundation, National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics. Doctorate Recipients from US Universities: 2017 (Special Report NSF 19-301), https://ncses.nsf.gov/pubs/nsf19301 (2018).

  12. Eagly, A. H. & Miller, D. I. Scientific eminence: where are the women? Perspect. Psychol. Sci. 11, 899–904 (2016).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Amrein, K., Langmann, A., Fahrleitner-Pammer, A., Pieber, T. R. & Zollner-Schwetz, I. Women underrepresented on editorial boards of 60 major medical journals. Gend. Med. 8, 378–387 (2011).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Hafeez, D. M. et al. Gender distribution in psychiatry journals’ editorial boards worldwide. Compr. Psychiatry 94, 152119 (2019).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Mariotto, S., Beatrice, G., Carta, S., Bozzetti, S. & Mantovani, A. Gender disparity in editorial boards of journals in neurology. Neurology 95, 489–491 (2020).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Dworkin, J., Perry, Z. & Bassett, D. S. (In)citing action to realize an equitable future. Neuron 106, 890–894 (2020).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Weick, K. E. in Publishing in the Organizational Sciences (eds Cummings, L. L. & Frost, P. J.) 284–296 (Sage, 1995).

  18. Baruch, Y. Global or North American? a geographical-based comparative analysis of publications in top management journals. Int. J. Cross. Cult. Manag. 1, 109–126 (2001).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Granadino, B., García-Carpintero, E. & Plaza, L. M. La presencia española en consejos y comites deredaccion de revistas científicas internacionales: un instrumento para la promoción de nuestra ciencia [in Spanish]. Revista Española de Documentación Científica 29, 398–408 (2006).

    Google Scholar 

  20. García-Carpintero, E., Granadino, B. & Plaza, L. The representation of nationalities on the editorial boards of international journals and the promotion of the scientific output of the same countries. Scientometrics 84, 799–811 (2010).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Elson, M., Huff, M. & Utz, S. Metascience on peer review: testing the effects of a study’s originality and statistical significance in a field experiment. Adv. Methods Pract. Psychol. Sci. 3, 53–65 (2020).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. John, L. K., Loewenstein, G. & Prelec, D. Measuring the prevalence of questionable research practices with incentives for truth telling. Psychol. Sci. 23, 524–532 (2012).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Pritschet, L., Powell, D. & Horne, Z. Marginally significant effects as evidence for hypotheses: changing attitudes over four decades. Psychol. Sci. 27, 1036–1042 (2016).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Simmons, J. P., Nelson, L. D. & Simonsohn, U. False-positive psychology: undisclosed flexibility in data collection and analysis allows presenting anything as significant. Psychol. Sci. 22, 1359–1366 (2011).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Markus, H. R. & Kitayama, S. Culture and the self: implications for cognition, emotion and motivation. Psychol. Rev. 98, 224 (1991).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Molenberghs, P. The neuroscience of in-group bias. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 37, 1530–1536 (2013).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Bourke, B. Positionality: reflecting on the research process. Qual. Rep. 19, 1–9 (2014).

  28. Medin, D. L. & Bang, M. Who’s Asking? Native Science, Western Science and Science Education (MIT Press, 2014).

  29. Medin, D., Ojalehto, B., Marin, A. & Bang, M. Systems of (non-)diversity. Nat. Hum. Behav. 1, 1–5 (2017).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Promoting diversity in neuroscience. Nat. Neurosci. 21, 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41593-017-0052-6 (2018).

  31. Ceci, S. J., Ginther, D. K., Kahn, S. & Williams, W. M. Women in academic science: a changing landscape. Psychol. Sci. Public Interest 15, 75–141 (2014).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Murray, D. et al. Author–reviewer homophily in peer review. Preprint at https://doi.org/10.1101/400515v3.full (2019).

  33. National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics. Women, Minorities, and Persons with Disabilities in Science and Engineering, https://ncses.nsf.gov/pubs/nsf19304 (National Science Foundation, 2019).

  34. De Kleijn, M. et al. The Researcher Journey Through a Gender Lens: An Examination of Research Participation, Career Progression and Perceptions Across the Globe, www.elsevier.com/gender-report (Elsevier, 2020).

  35. Biaswatchneuro. Neuroscience base rates, https://biaswatchneuro.com/base-rates/neuroscience-base-rates/ (2020).

  36. Wing, D. A., Benner, R. S., Petersen, R., Newcomb, R. & Scott, J. R. Differences in editorial board reviewer behavior based on gender. J. Womens Health 19, 1919–1923 (2010).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Murphy, M. C., Steele, C. M. & Gross, J. J. Signaling threat: how situational cues affect women in math, science and engineering settings. Psychol. Sci. 18, 879–885 (2007).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. American Psychological Association, Committee on Women in Psychology. The Changing Gender Composition of Psychology: Update and Expansion of the 1995 Task Force Report, http://www.apa.org/pi/women/programs/gender-composition/task-force-report.pdf (2017).

  39. Geiger, A. W., Livingston, G. & Bialik, K. Six Facts about US Moms (Analysis of American Time Use Survey Data), https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/05/08/facts-about-u-s-mothers/ (2019).

  40. Sege, R., Nykiel-Bub, L. & Selk, S. Sex differences in institutional support for junior biomedical researchers. JAMA 314, 1175–1177 (2015).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Acton, S. E., Bell, A. J. D., Toseland, C. P. & Twelvetrees, A. Research culture: a survey of new PIs in the UK. eLife 8, e46827 (2019).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Ragins, B. R. & Cotton, J. L. Gender and willingness to mentor in organizations. J. Manag. 19, 97–111 (1993).

    Google Scholar 

  43. Mitchell, S. M. & Hesli, V. L. Women don’t ask? women don’t say no? bargaining and service in the political science profession. Political Sci. Politics 46, 355–369 (2013).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Xie, Y. & K. A. Shauman. Women in Science: Career Processes and Outcomes (Harvard Univ. Press, 2003).

  45. Cole, E. R. Intersectionality and research in psychology. Am. Psychol. 64, 170 (2009).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. Yoder, J. B. & Mattheis, A. Queer in STEM: workplace experiences reported in a national survey of LGBTQA individuals in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics careers. J. Homosex. 63, 1–27 (2016).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. Knobloch-Westerwick, S., Glynn, C. J. & Huge, M. The Matilda effect in science communication: an experiment on gender bias in publication quality perceptions and collaboration interest. Sci. Commun. 35, 603–625 (2013).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  48. Marts, S. Open secrets and missing stairs: sexual and gender-based harassment at scientific meetings, https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.14861.3376 (2017).

  49. Schroeder, J. et al. Fewer invited talks by women in evolutionary biology symposia. J. Evol. Biol. 26, 2063–2069 (2013).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Bendels, M. H. K., Müller, R., Brueggmann, D. & Groneberg, D. A. Gender disparities in high-quality research revealed by Nature Index journals. PLoS ONE 13, e0189136 (2013).

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

This study was supported by a University of California San Francisco Weill Institute Women in Neurosciences RFA for Research Support for Female Learners Impacted by coronavirus disease 2019, awarded to E.R.P. This study and A.F.’s time were supported by the Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London. We thank M. Tsakiris and M. Patrick for their comments on earlier versions of this paper, and the many editors who provided their comments about the findings.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Contributions

E.R.P.: conceptualization, methodology, investigation, formal analysis, data curation, writing—original draft, writing—review & editing, visualization, project administration and funding acquisition. M.L.: conceptualization, methodology, investigation, data curation, writing—review & editing. A.F.: conceptualization, methodology, resources, writing—review & editing, supervision, project administration and funding acquisition.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Eleanor R. Palser.

Ethics declarations

Competing interests

The authors declare no competing interests.

Peer review

Peer review information

Nature Neuroscience thanks Carmen Sandi, Cassidy Sugimoto, and the other, anonymous, reviewer(s) for their contribution to the peer review of this work.

Additional information

Publisher’s note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Supplementary information

Supplementary Information

Supplementary Tables 1–3, Supplementary Figs. 1 and 2 and Supplementary analysis

Supplementary Data 1

Tabulated data for editorial boards of the top 50 psychology journals.

Supplementary Data 2

Tabulated data for editorial boards of the top 50 neuroscience journals.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Palser, E.R., Lazerwitz, M. & Fotopoulou, A. Gender and geographical disparity in editorial boards of journals in psychology and neuroscience. Nat Neurosci 25, 272–279 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41593-022-01012-w

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41593-022-01012-w

This article is cited by

Search

Quick links

Nature Briefing

Sign up for the Nature Briefing newsletter — what matters in science, free to your inbox daily.

Get the most important science stories of the day, free in your inbox. Sign up for Nature Briefing