Extended Data Fig. 2: Activity modes are highly robust across mice, conditions, and analysis Methods.

a Angles between activity modes. The activity modes are near orthogonal to each other. b Activity and selectivity variance explained by each activity mode. Activity and selectivity variance are computed using trial-averaged activity during specific epochs (Methods), thus they reflect variance across time and neurons. Variance across trials is not reflected. c Activity modes are highly robust across mice, conditions, and decomposition methods. The plots show ALM activity projections on specific activity modes. Solid colors, correct trials; transparent colors, error trials. Blue, ‘lick right’ trials instructed by object location; red, ‘lick left’ trials. Row 1–4, activity modes from 4 distinct mouse groups in the primary dataset. Only neurons with more than 5 error trials of each trial type are included (n = 988, 767, 972, 1200 respectively). Mean ± SEM (bootstrap, Methods). Row 5, activity modes from simultaneously recorded populations (33 sessions, 10–57 neurons per session, average 24 neurons). Mean ± SEM across sessions. Row 6, activity modes from the second dataset (n = 4010 neurons). Mean ± SEM (bootstrap, Methods). Row 7, activity modes from demixed principal component analysis (demixed PCA) on the primary dataset. The top activity modes discovered by demixed PCA correspond to stimulus, choice, action, outcome, ramping, go, and response mode. The percentage of activity variance captured by each activity mode is shown on top. d Additional activity modes obtained from demixed PCA ranked by their activity variance. Together, the 14 activity modes from demixed PCA shown here captured 99.47% of activity variance.