Extended Data Fig. 8: Connectivity patterns of S1/S2, cALM, and Thal_ALM inputs.

a Connection probability across depth measured from whole-cell recording and ChR2-assisted circuit mapping. Left, data from untrained mice, in which connections are verified with TTX pharmacology. Right, data from mice trained in the tactile decision task, in which connections are inferred by EPSP latency. Only a subset of the neurons was held long enough to be tested further in the tactile decision task (Fig. 5g and S7). Numbers on each bar indicate the number of tested neurons. b Connection strength measured from whole-cell recordings. Mean ± SEM across neurons (each dot represents one neuron). Untrained mice, S1/S2, n = 16 neurons; cALM, n = 28 neurons; VM, n = 28 neurons. Trained mice, S1/S2, n = 27 neurons; cALM, n = 25 neurons; VM, n = 17 neurons. A range of photostimulation power (1, 5, 10, 20 mW) and pulse conditions (1, 3, 5, 10 pulses; 2-ms pulses at 5-ms interval) were tested. Photostimulation of Thal_ALM axons elicits the strongest EPSP (between S1/S2 or cALM and VM, P = 1.86 × 10⁻⁸, untrained group; P = 8.82 × 10⁻¹⁴, trained group, two-way ANOVA, powers and inputs).