Fig. 8: Effect of lucidity on EEG markers and response to stimuli in participants with narcolepsy.
a, Top, Kolmogorov complexity (left), normalized γ PSD (norm-γ; middle) and normalized δ PSD (norm-δ; right) before stimuli onset as a function of whether the stimulus will be followed by a behavioral response (in blue) or not (in orange), for lucid and nonlucid REM sleep in participants with narcolepsy. Data are presented as mean values ± 95% confidence intervals. Statistical differences computed via linear mixed models, adjusted for multiple comparisons are indicated (NS, nonsignificant). A number of datapoints in the model are 229 (from 13 participants) for responsive REM sleep, 358 (from 15 participants) for nonresponsive REM sleep, 353 (from 15 participants) for responsive lucid REM sleep and 333 (from 16 participants) for nonresponsive lucid REM sleep. Kolmogorov complexity and norm-γ were significantly higher for responsive trials compared to nonresponsive trials in nonlucid naps for all participants. Conversely, the norm-δ was significantly lower in responsive trials in nonlucid naps. No such differences were observed in lucid naps, suggesting a ceiling effect for markers of high cognitive states in lucid naps (see Supplementary Table 10 for statistical details). Overall, Kolmogorov complexity and norm-γ were higher, and norm-δ was lower in lucid naps compared to nonlucid naps irrespectively of the responsiveness. b, Time-generalization decoding of stimulus-related brain activity compared to baseline brain activity, in trials with (top) and without (bottom) response, in wake (left) and lucid REM sleep (right). The logistic regression classifier was trained on each time point and then tested on all the time points to obtain a generalization pattern. Each intersection point of a training time and a testing time shows the AUC of the classifier. Time points with an AUC > 0.5 and that are statistically significant are outlined in black (two-sided nonparametric sign test across participants with FDR correction for 41,616 comparisons, P < 0.05).
