Fig. 4: Selective manipulation of PnO-Vglut2contra neurons modulates turning bidirectionally.
From: Basal ganglia–spinal cord pathway that commands locomotor gait asymmetries in mice
a, Strategy for ChR2 stimulation of PnO-Vglut2contra neurons. Example of ChR2-EYFP expression and optic fiber (O.f.) implantation in the right PnO. Image is representative of n = 19 mice from 4 independent experiments. b, ChR2 stimulation of PnO-Vglut2contra neurons caused contralateral rotation of the body with little effect on head or trunk (axial) posture. c, Angular velocity of the body and head in response to 1-s ChR2 stimulation of PnO-Vglut2contra neurons. d, Quantification. Body, ***P = 9.0 × 10−4; head, P = 0.96; one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparison test; n = 7 mice from 2 independent experiments. e, Change in body direction associated with 1-s ChR2 stimulation. 5 Hz versus 10 Hz, ***P = 6.1 × 10−5; 10 Hz versus 20 Hz, ***P = 7.6 × 10−6; 20 Hz versus 40 Hz, ***P = 3.1 × 10−5; one-way repeated measures ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparison test; n = 12 mice from 2 independent experiments. f, Top, average body angular velocity associated with 1-s ChR2 stimulation. Bottom, trial-by-trial analysis of angular velocity. g, ChR2 stimulation was accompanied by a reduction in locomotor speed independent of the frequency of stimulation (see ref. 23). n = 12 mice from 2 independent experiments. h, Average turning radius during 1-s ChR2 stimulation at different frequencies. 5 Hz versus 10 Hz, no significance; 10 Hz versus 20 Hz, **P = 0.0089; 20 Hz versus 40 Hz, no significance; one-way repeated measures ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparison test; n = 12 mice from 2 independent experiments. i, Strategy for GtACR2 inhibition of PnO-Vglut2contra neurons. j, Angular velocity of the body and head in response to GtACR2 inhibition of PnO-Vglut2contra neurons. k, Quantification. Body, ***P = 4.4 × 10−7; head, P = 0.94; one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparison test; n = 9 mice from 2 independent experiments. Error bands in c, e, f and j represent the s.e.m. l, Strategy for inhibition of PnO-Vglut2contra neurons with TeLC. m, TeLC caused ipsilateral turning, and impaired exploration of a contralateral (left-turn) maze. n, Quantification. Day 4, ***P = 6.0 × 10−4; day 5, ***P = 2.8 × 10−6; two-tailed paired t-test; n = 7 mice from 1 experiment. Box-and-whisker plots in d, e, h, k and n give the median, the 25th and 75th percentiles and the range. NS, not significant; RtTg, reticulotegmental nucleus of the pons; VLL, ventral nucleus of the lateral lemniscus.
