Fig. 1: Nasal aCD3 improves behavioral outcomes and ameliorates neuropathological outcomes in the CCI model of TBI.

a, Experimental timeline schematic for treatment regimens (created with BioRender.com). b, Behavioral testing (rotarod, MWM test, probe trial, open field for anxiety-like behavior) in the immediate treatment group (sham-iso n = 8, TBI-iso n = 12, TBI-aCD3 n = 12). The MWM test was analyzed by two-factor, repeated-measure, two-way ANOVA (group × time) and others by one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparisons. Data are shown as mean ± s.e.m. c, MRI lesion volume 7 d post-TBI (TBI-iso n = 5, TBI-aCD3 n = 5), analyzed by two-sided, unpaired Student’s t-test. Data are shown as mean ± s.e.m. The red dashes indicate the lesion area. d, Lesion volume from H&E-stained brain sections 30 d post-TBI measured with ImageJ (TBI-iso n = 4, TBI-aCD3 n = 4), analyzed by two-sided, unpaired Student’s t-test. Data are shown as mean ± s.e.m. Scale bars, 1,000 µm. e, Immunofluorescence of neuronal death 7 d post-TBI at pericontusional cortex (DAPI, blue; TUNEL, red; 7-AAD, green). Scale bars, 200 µm (500 µm for zoomed out). TUNEL-positive cells were quantified using ImageJ (TBI-iso n = 5, TBI-aCD3 n = 5) and analyzed using two-sided, unpaired Student’s t-test. Data are shown as mean ± s.e.m. f, Immunofluorescence of Iba-1 at 30 d post-TBI in pericontusional cortex (DAPI, blue; Iba-1, red). Scale bars, 200 µm (500 µm for zoomed out). Iba-1⁺ cells quantified using ImageJ (sham-iso n = 4, TBI-iso n = 4, TBI-aCD3 n = 4), analyzed by one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparisons. Data are shown as mean ± s.e.m. g, Serum biomarkers 1 d post-TBI measured by Quanterix SiMoA and V-Plex proinflammatory assays (sham-iso n = 4, TBI-iso n = 12, TBI-aCD3 n = 12), analyzed by one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparisons. Data are shown as box plots (min., max., interquartile range (IQR), median). d.p.i., d post-injury; NS, non-significant. All data represent biological replicates from two independent experiments.