Extended Data Fig. 5: Associations of early and late SES with behavioral traits.

Early and late SES dimensions are constructed based on 14 SES indicators. Volcano plots show behavioral traits significantly associated with early or late family (a), family adverse (b), or neighborhood adverse (c) SES scores in the total sample. The vertical line indicates coefficient = 0, the blue horizontal line indicates P = 0.05, and the red horizontal line indicates P = 3.9×10⁻⁴ (Two-sided t-test with Bonferroni correction for 32 behavioral traits across four SES dimensions). Based on the Bonferroni corrected threshold, red-filled circles represent behavioral traits with stable associations, blue-filled circles represent those with unstable associations, and gray-filled circles represent those without significant associations. Abbreviations: BDI, Beck depression inventory; BIS-C, cognitive impulsivity of Barratt impulsivity scale; BIS-M, motor impulsivity of Barratt impulsivity scale; BIS-NP, non-planning impulsivity of Barratt impulsivity scale; CVLT-IFR, the number of correct words in the five trials for the word list A in California verbal learning test second edition; IRI-EC, empathy concern of interpersonal reactivity index; IRI-PD, personal distress of interpersonal reactivity index; IRI-PT, perspective taking of interpersonal reactivity index; N-back-CR, the correct rate of the 3-back task in the N-back task; NEO-A, agreeableness of NEO Five-Factor Inventory; NEO-C, conscientiousness of NEO Five-Factor Inventory; NEO-E, extroversion of NEO Five-Factor Inventory; NEO-N, neuroticism of NEO Five-Factor Inventory; NEO-O, openness to experience of NEO Five-Factor Inventory; PANAS-N, negative affect of positive and negative affect schedule; PANAS-P, positive affect of positive and negative affect schedule; T-AI, trait anxiety of state-trait anxiety inventory; TPQ-HA, harm avoidance of tridimensional personality questionnaires; TPQ-NS, novelty-seeking of tridimensional personality questionnaires.