Fig. 5: D1 and D2 neuron activity is opposingly modulated by avoidance behaviors.
From: Dopamine in the tail of the striatum facilitates avoidance in threat–reward conflicts
a, Left: AAV9-Syn-flex-GCaMP7f was injected unilaterally into TS of tachykinin precursor 1 (Tac1)-cre mice for D1 neurons or adenosine 2A receptor (Adora2A)-cre mice for D2 neurons. The representative image of GCaMP expression in D1 neurons. The arrowhead represents the tip of a fiber. GCaMP7f is shown in green. Scale bar, 1 mm. Right: D1 and D2 neuron activity patterns (average of ten monster sessions). Top: the mean ± s.e.m. b, The avoidance rate versus average D1 and D2 neuron responses before (left) and after (right) monster movement in each animal (average of ten monster sessions, R = 0.43, P = 0.16, 0–1 s before monster; R = 0.74, P = 6.4 × 10−3, 0.1–1.1 s after monster, n = 12 animals, D1; R = −0.62, P = 0.040, before monster; R = −0.33, P = 0.32, after monster, n = 11 animals, D2, Pearson’s correlation coefficient). c, D1 and D2 neuron activity in reward acquisition trials and avoidance trials (average of ten monster sessions). Left: the mean ± s.e.m. Right: a comparison of neuron responses in reward acquisition versus avoidance trials (P = 4.5 × 10−7, F(1,11) = 26.4 for successful reward acquisition, P = 1.0 × 10−4, F(1,11) = 15.3 for trial number, P = 5.1 × 10−4, F(1,11) = 12.2 for successful reward acquisition × trial number interaction, three-way ANOVA, P = 0.37, before monster; P = 0.031, after monster, n = 12 animals, D1; P = 0.76, F(1,10) = 0.09 for successful reward acquisition, P = 6.8 × 10−4, F(1,10) = 11.6 for trial number, P = 0.94, F(1,10) = 0 for successful reward acquisition × trial number interaction, three-way ANOVA, P = 0.014, before monster; P = 0.081, after monster, D2, two-sided paired t-test, n = 11 animals). d, The changes of neural responses before and after monster across sessions (P = 0.42, before monster; P = 0.15, after monster, D1, n = 6 animals; P = 0.012, before monster; P = 0.030, after monster, D2, n = 11 animals, beta coefficient for linear regression of responses with session number, two-sided t-test). The monster icons indicate when the monster starts to move. *P < 0.05.
