Fig. 3: The Arc provides dorsal and ventral cortical streams of migratory neurons.

a, Three-dimensional reconstruction of light sheeting imaging of a clarified P0 piglet brain with a 2.3 mm thickness (13 × 16 × 2.3 mm). b, Two-dimensional image is a z projection of the 3D image from a. The green signal is DCX immunolabeling. The arrows indicate multiple streams of DCX⁺ cells from the Arc. c, Left, schematic of coronal section of the P0 piglet brain. Right, DCX⁺PSA-NCAM⁺ neurons as individual neurons in the dorsal Arc (i) and as cell clumps in the ventral Arc (ii). d, Experimental design for time-lapse imaging of the P0 piglet brain. e, Left, sequential images of time-lapse confocal microscopy showing GFP⁺ cells in the dorsal region (top) and the ventral region (bottom) of the piglet Arc. White arrows highlight GFP⁺ cells near the Arc. Right, confocal image of GFP⁺DCX⁺ cells after 72 h of imaging. f, Distribution of mean migratory speeds measured for the two populations of GFP⁺ cells from the dorsal region (n = 21 cells; gray) and ventral region (n = 20 cells, blue). n = 3 individuals (e,f) in three independent experiments. g–i, Mapping of DCX⁺ cells (green) in the P0 piglet brain (g), the term human coronal sections (h), at a plane that corresponds to (iv in g), and the P0 marmoset brain (i). j, Experimental design of extended time-lapse imaging performed on P0 pig brain slices. k, Confocal images of GFP⁺DCX⁺ cells in the dorsal (top) and ventral (bottom) regions at 12 and 21 DIV. White arrows indicate GFP⁺DCX⁺ cells. (i) and (ii) indicate dorsal and ventral regions, respectively, in d and j. l, Quantification of GFP⁺DCX⁺ cell density in the dorsal and ventral regions at 12 and 21 DIV. Two-way unpaired t test (*P = 0.0234). Data means ± s.e.m. of counts performed on n = 3 cases in three independent experiments. m, Quantification of DCX⁺ cell density in dorsal and ventral regions across different postnatal ages of the pig, equivalent to regions analyzed in j. This experiment has been repeated three times (a–c and e).