Fig. 5: VIP+ cortical interneurons are expanded in the adult cingulate and temporal cortex.
a, The integration of the datasets of human Arc at GW 30–39, human neocortex at GW 17–41 and human adult neocortex and visualization by UMAP. The dotted lines indicate the adult cortical interneuron subtypes. b, Sankey diagram illustrating the average fate probabilities of the immature MGE- and CGE-associated interneurons in the Arc. c, SST+LHX6+ neurons in the neonatal human CC WM and VIP+COUP-TFII+ neurons in the developing human STG. This experiment has been repeated three times. d, Schematic representation of the coronal section of the adult human brain, ranging from 15 to 25 years old. Red dot-boxed areas indicate the cortical layers of the CC and STG, a part of the TC. e, The distribution of interneuron subtypes within the cortical layers visualized by immunostaining. f, The density of each population across the cortex. Two-tailed unpaired t test (VIP, **P = 0.0027; ****P < 0.0001. PV, CC vs OC, *P = 0.0128; STG vs OC: *P = 0.0226. SST, **P = 0.0050; ****P < 0.0001). The data are presented as mean ± s.e.m. of counts performed on n = 1 cases in five independent experiments. Sample size and P values are provided as source data. g, Schematic representation of serial coronal sections of the 1-year-old pig brain. Red dot-boxed areas indicate the cortical layers of the CC, TC and OC analyzed in h and i. h, The distribution of the density of each population across cortical layers. i, The density of each population across the cortex. Two-tailed unpaired t test (VIP, **P = 0.0084; ****P < 0.0001. CALB2, **P = 0.0082. PV and SST, ***P = 0.0001). The data are presented as mean ± s.e.m. of counts performed on n = 2 cases in three independent experiments Sample size and P values are provided as source data. NS, not significant.
