Extended Data Fig. 1: Comparative analysis of ventricular wall structure across species.
a, Developmental changes in cortical folding as measured by gyrification index (GI) across species. Sample size is provided as source data. b, Nissl-stained serial coronal brain sections from different species collected at perinatal ages. The enlarged SVZ, termed the Arc, is present in humans, chimpanzees, macaques, and piglets at birth, embryonic day 135 (E135; gestational period = 150 days), sheep brains, but not in marmoset and mouse brains at birth. Arrows indicate the Arc. The macaque dataset is from the public open source (NIH Blueprint NHP Atlas). Scale bars, 500 µm (human, chimpanzee, macaque, pigletand marmoset); 1 mm (sheep); 100 µm (mouse). Lateral ventricle (LV); striatum (St). c, Quantification of Arc area (mm2) from Nissl-stained sections of different species. Two-tailed unpaired t test, ****p < 0.0001. n = 4 individuals (human); n = 1individuals (macaque and sheep); n = 3 individuals (piglet); n = 2 individuals (chimpanzees, marmoset and mouse). Data are presented as mean ± s.e.m. of counts performed on each individual case in three independent experiments. Sample size is provided as source data. d, Confocal images show robust expression of the migratory neuron marker DCX (in green) and an abundance of blood vessels expressing α-SMA (in red) in the perinatal human, chimpanzee, piglet, and sheep Arc. Scale bars, 500 µm; 100 µm (higher magnification images). e, Coronalsection of postnatal day 0 (P0) marmoset and mouse brains. Migratory neural populations expressing DCX (in green) and PSA-NCAM (in magenta) do not form a tiered structure, and vascular areas (α-SMA, red) are sparse in the ventricular wall of P0 marmoset and mouse brains. Scale bars, 500 µm; 100 µm (higher magnification images). Lateral ventricle (LV); striatum (St). This experiment has been repeated three times (b,d,e).
