Fig. 1: In vivo voltage imaging of CA1 PV and SST interneurons during DNMS.

a, Behavioral and experimental setup. Crtx, cortex; CC, corpus callosum. b, Schematic of the DNMS trial. Yellow indicates ‘odor A’. Green indicates ‘odor B’. Blue shows response window for assessing licking. c,d, Example traces from PV (c) and SST (d) interneurons during a DNMS trial. Average FOV with outlined region of interest (ROI) (left). Inverted ΔF/F, scaled by maximum value (middle). Black dots show detected spikes; red indicates licks; color boxes show odor cues and response window as in b. Gray traces indicate locomotion. Peri-spike ΔF/F during all (gray) and average (thick line) action potentials in the trial (right). e,f, Expanded traces from boxes in c and d. g,h, Example PV (g) and SST (h) interneuron recorded during 20 continuous DNMS trials, plotted as in c and d. i, Histogram of median interspike interval per cell and estimated probability density (solid lines). j,k, Mean firing rates (j) and burst index (k) in PV versus SST cells; P = 4.28 × 10⁻⁵, 8 × 10⁻⁴; two-sided Wilcoxon rank-sum test (WT). l. Histogram of mean speed score per cell. Dashed lines show mean shuffle baseline per cell group. m, Example raw and 4–10 Hz theta-bandpassed ΔF/F from PV and SS cells. n, Mean ± s.e. power spectral density of each cell group during motion versus immobility. No significant differences exist (P > 0.05; WT per frequency; false discovery rate (FDR)). o, Mean intracellular theta amplitude for PV versus SST cells; P = 1.47 × 10⁻⁹; two-sided WT. p, Mean firing rate of each PV and SST cell, normalized to maximum, over the intracellular theta cycle (black). q, Mean strength (vector length) versus preferred phase of theta modulation per cell. Black shows intracellular theta cycle. Distributions of preferred phase (top) and modulation strength (right) are similar for both cell groups (P > 0.05; parametric Watson–Williams multisample test and WT, respectively). Lines indicate distribution means. In all violin plots throughout figures, dots are median values, boxes are 25% and 75% quartiles and whiskers show 1.5× interquartile range. i–l and n–q contain all cells pooled (n = 107 PV, 93 SST cells).