Extended Data Fig. 5: Parameter sweep of the bypassing and unloading rates for N = 40 extruders/chromosome.

The experimental data (for the −59^o−94^o strain) is shown on the top left of the figure, and the model parameter sweep is below. The model with the most similar pattern in both angles of the Hi-C traces and the relative intensities of the different lines corresponds to a bypassing rate of 0.05 s⁻¹ and an unloading rate between 0.001 s⁻¹ and 0.005 s⁻¹. From the sweep, we find that the bypassing rate can control the angle between Hi-C map hairpin structures, while the ratio of the bypassing to unloading rates tunes the relative frequency of nested-doublet and nested-triplet interactions. These contact maps were generated with the semi-analytical approach³⁰ (see Supplementary Notes 1–5).