Table 1 Predictors used in the neural networks to estimate the P occurrence and peak P intensity indices.

CAPE

Convective available potential energy (J kg⁻¹)

0.28°

ERA5-HRES reanalysis (mean over 1979–2018)²⁸ (https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu)

✓

✓

CldCov

Cloud cover frequency (%)

1 km

Wilson et al.¹¹⁴ (www.earthenv.org/cloud); gaps over ocean filled using linear interpolation

✓

✓

Elev

Square-root transformed surface elevation smoothed using 10-km filter (—)

90 m

MERIT¹¹⁵ (http://hydro.iis.u-tokyo.ac.jp/~;yamadai/MERIT_DEM/) over land; 0 over ocean

✓

✓

MAP1^a

Square-root-transformed mean annual precipitation (—) from WorldClim V2

1 km (land); 0.28° (ocean)

WorldClim V2⁸⁴ (www.worldclim.org) over land; ERA5²⁸ (https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu) over ocean

✓

✓

MAP2^a

Difference in square-root-transformed mean annual precipitation (—) between WorldClim V2 and CHPclim V2

0.05° (land); 0.28° (ocean)

CHPclim V1⁸³ (www.chc.ucsb.edu/data/chpclim) and WorldClim V2⁸⁴ (www.worldclim.org) over land; 0 over ocean

✓

✓

MAT

Mean annual air temperature (°C)

1 km (land); 0.28° (ocean)

See MAP1

✓

✓

Snow Frac

Long-term fraction of total P falling as snow (—) calculated according to Legates and Bogart¹¹⁶

1 km (land); 0.28° (ocean)

See MAP1

✓

✓

Lat

Absolute geographical latitude (°)

0.1°

—

✓

✓

ERA5^b

ERA5-HRES (1979–2018) reanalysis P occurrence (% of time) and peak P intensity (mm d^-1 or mm 3 h^-1) indices

0.28°

Hersbach et al.²⁸ (https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu)

✓

✓

IMERG^b

IMERG Late run (IMERGHHL) V06 (2000–2018) satellite-based P occurrence (% of time) and peak P intensity (mm d⁻¹ or mm 3 h⁻¹) indices

0.1°

Huffman et al.^45,46 (https://pmm.nasa.gov/data-access/downloads/gpm)

✓

✓

\({{\rm{PPDIST}}}_{{\rm{dly}}}^{{\rm{c}}}\)

Daily PPDIST estimates of the P occurrence and peak P intensity indices

0.1°

The PPDIST dataset derived in this study (www.gloh2o.org/ppdist)

✗

✓