Fig. 3

Provincial material stocks during 1978–2018. The upper bar graph is sorted by average stocks in 2018 from the highest to the lowest, which can be divided 31 provinces into five groups from I to V. See Table S3 of the Supplementary Information for provincial material stocks in five end-use sectors. The five lower line charts show the total material stocks of provinces in I to V groups. See Table S4 of the Supplementary Information for provincial material stocks in the past 40 years.