Fig. 8

Comparison of mean annual precipitation at coarse and high-resolution, both with and without cloud refinement, for the island of Hawai’i between 2003–2016. Points refer to observations at 105 stations from GHCN-D. While the mesoscale patterns of precipitation are relatively similar, the predictions using cloud refinement provided a stronger fit with station observations. Cloud refinement benefits prediction accuracy especially at stations with low precipitation. The Person’s correlation coefficient between observed and predicted precipitation is greater at fine compared to the coarse resolution data, and for data with cloud refinement, with concomitant changes in mean absolute error (mae), and the root mean squared error (rmse). Precipitation in 2003–2016 is particularly large in the southwest of the island, an area that is usually dryer in long term (30 year) climatologies.