Table 1 The framework of mapping annual Human Footprint at the global scale as illustrated in Williams et al.¹⁸.

Built environment

0,4,10

The pressure score for pixels with urban fractions above 20% was assigned as 10; otherwise, it was assigned as 4.

Population density

0–10

\(\left\{\begin{array}{l}10,\;population\left(P\right)\ge 1000\\ 3.333\times \log \left(P+1\right),0 < P < 1000\end{array}\right.\)

Night-time lights

0–10

Assigned from 0 to 10 according to intervals determined by ten equal quantiles

Croplands

0,4,7

The pressure score for pixels with crop fraction above 20% was assigned as 7; otherwise, it was assigned as 4.

Pasture

0–4

Fraction of pasture in each grid multiplied by 4

Roads

0–8

\(\left\{\begin{array}{l}8,distance\;\left(D\right)\le 0.5\\ 3.75\times \exp \left(-1\times \left(D-1\right)\right)+0.25,0.5 < D < 15\end{array}\right.\)

Railways

0,8

\(\left\{\begin{array}{l}0,distance\;\left(D\right) > 0.5\\ 8,D\le 0.5\end{array}\right.\)

Navigable waterways

0–4

\(\left\{\begin{array}{l}0,distance\;\left(D\right) > 15\\ 4\times \exp \left(-1\times D\right),D < 15\end{array}\right.\)