Fig. 1

Workflow of the study. CCI represents European Space Agency Climate Change Initiative Land Cover. CRUJRA represents the Climatic Research Unit and Japanese reanalysis. VPD is vapor pressure deficit. Ta is air temperature. Ts and Cs are regulation scalars for temperature and CO2 concentration. The dswrf is downward solar radiation flux. TL-LUE is two-leaf light use efficiency model. GPPsun and GPPshade are GPP derived by sunlit and shaded leaves.