Table 1 Participant inclusion and exclusion criteria.

Inclusion Criteria

1. Male or female ages 6.0–20.5 years (ages 6.0–17.9 at enrollment)

2. Children who become adults during participation have capacity to understand and provide informed consent

3. Children ages 6.0–17.9 with capacity to sign assent and parent/guardian with capacity to sign informed consent

4. Fluent in English

5. Proof of Rockland County, Orange County, Bergen County, or Westchester County Residency

Exclusion Criteria

1. Parents unable to provide developmental and/or biological family histories (e.g., some instances of adoption)

2. Known intrauterine exposures capable of altering brain structure or function (teratogenic medications, any illicit drug use, smoking >1/2 pack per day or >2 alcoholic drinks per week during pregnancy), hyperbilirubinemia requiring transfusion or phototherapy >2 days, multiple birth, infant resuscitation by chest compression or intubation, birth weight <1500 gm or >4200 gm.

3. Current height or weight <3rd percentile, or head circumference <3rd percentile by National Center for Health Statistics 2000 data.

4. History of significant medical or neurological disorder with CNS implications (e.g., seizure disorder, CNS infection, malignancy, diabetes, systemic rheumatologic illness, muscular dystrophy, migraine or cluster headaches, sickle cell anemia, etc.), significant traumatic brain injury

5. History of neonatal stroke

6. Malignancy

7. Hearing or visual impairment that prevents participation in study-related tasks.

8. Current positive pregnancy test (for menarchal females)

9. Current or past treatment for language disorders (except simple articulation disorders)

10. History of clinically significant psychotic episode not attributable to a general medical condition or medication side effect

11. History of Autism Spectrum Disorder

12. Current suicidal/homicidal ideation

13. History of treatment with the following psychotropic medications: antidepressants, neuroleptics, and mood stabilizers

14. History of lifetime substance dependence requiring chemical replacement therapy

15. History of substance dependence within in the last two years except nicotine and marijuana

16. History of psychiatric hospitalization

17. IQ < 70

18. Known neurodegenerative disorder

19. First degree relatives with lifetime history of autism spectrum disorder, idiopathic intellectual disability, schizophrenia, psychotic disorder

20. Contraindication for MRI scanning (mental implants, pacemakers, claustrophobia, metal foreign bodies or pregnancy)