Fig. 5

Bias (a) and standard deviation (σ) (b) of temperature (T) profiles between radiosondes (RS) and HATPRO zenith (solid) and boundary layer (BL, dashed) modes. Shading in blue (grey) indicates the variability over the MOSAiC legs as standard deviation for the zenith (boundary layer) mode (as in Fig. 4). HATPRO zenith measurements have been averaged over 15 minutes starting from radiosonde launch times while the boundary layer scans range ±30 minutes around radiosonde launch times due to the lower sampling rate.