Table 1 Datasets used in this study for the reconstruction of N surplus.

Datasets	Variables	Spatial feature			Temporal feature		Ref
Datasets	Variables	Extent	Level	Resolution	Extent	Resolution	Ref
Ramankutty et al.³⁴	Land use (cropland and pasture area)	Global	Grid	5′ × 5′	2000	Snapshot	³⁴
Monfreda et al.³⁵	Crop specific harvested area and production	Global	Grid	5′ × 5′	2000	Snapshot	³⁵
HYDE	Land use (cropland and pasture area)^a	Global	Grid	5′ × 5′	1700–2017	Decadal or Annual^b	⁴⁰
Global Land Cover (GLC)	Land use (forest, semi-natural vegetation, urban, non-vegetation area)	Global	Grid	5′ × 5′	2000	Snapshot	³⁹
input4MIPS	N atmospheric deposition	Global	Grid	1.9° × 2.5°	1850–2014	Monthly	⁵³
Zhang et al.²⁹	Animal manure production	Global	Grid	5′ × 5′	1850–2014	Annual	²⁹
Holland et al.⁴²	Fertilizer production	Global	Country	—	1925–1960	Annual	⁴²
FAOSTAT	Land use (cropland, pasture), fertilizer application, animal manure, crop harvested area and production	Global	Country	—	1961–2019	Annual	³⁸
IFA	Fertilizer application amounts for different crop categories and pasture	Global	Country^c	—	2014/2015	Snapshot	⁴⁰
Bayliss-Smith and Wanmali (1984) as cited in Our World in Data (OWD)	Wheat yield	Global	Country	—	1850–1960	Snapshots^d	^57,58
Einarsson et al.²¹	Estimates for fodder crops (area, production), fertilizer, manure	Region	Country	—	1961–2019	Annual	²¹

^aAccording to the definition used in our study, pasture corresponds to the land under permanent meadow and pasture. Therefore, we used the category “grazing” of the HYDE dataset to derive the pasture areas in our study.
^bDecadal for the period 1700–2000 and annual for the period 2000–2016.
^cIFA covers estimates for 28 countries (considering European Union (EU-28) as a single country).
^dOWD provide wheat yield for the years 1850, 1909, 1934, 1960.

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