Fig. 8

Gene family changes among lepidopteran insects. (a) Gene family changes associated with the origin and evolution of Lepidoptera. The topology of a phylogenetic tree constructed of 19 lepidopteran species. Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Coleoptera) was used as an outgroup. Gene family birth (+) and death (−) in 20 species are shown. (b) Expansion gene families in P. operculella, compared to other lepidopteran insects and L. decemlineata.