Table 1 Functional traits used in this study for each amphibian and reptile species. Mutually exclusive and non-exclusive categories were separated by “/” and “, ”, respectively.
From: Functional group analyses of herpetofauna in South Korea using a large dataset
Class | Trait | Categories | Rationale or reference |
|---|---|---|---|
Amphibia | Vocal sacs | count | Anuran vocal sacs are indispensable tools for their communication61. |
Swellings on the body | presence/absence | Barnett (2013)62 | |
Nuptial pad | presence/absence | Liu (1936)63 | |
Toe pad | presence/absence | Li et al.64 | |
Egg shape | mass/string/cylindrical/oval | The ovipositional mode and structure of amphibian eggs are the evolutionary consequence of ecological factors, such as predation and environmental conditions65. | |
Habitat types | forest, shrub, grassland, wetland, stream, river, reservoir, cultivated, | Tsianou et al.49 | |
Food items | mollusk, crustacean, annelid, spider, insect, fish, amphibian | Tsianou et al.49 | |
Activity | diurnal, norturnal | Tsianou et al.49 | |
Toxin | presence/absence | Lourenço‐de‐Moraes et al.51 | |
Metamorphosis | development order of hindlimbs/forelimbs | Amphibians that develop forelimbs first during the metamorphosis (i.e., salamanders) can control pest species early on even at the larval stage66 but the others that develop hindlimbs first (i.e., frogs) cannot because their tadpoles are not carnivorous. | |
Reptilia | Keels on scale or on shell | presence/absence | Keels can further protect scales67 and improve structural integrity of shells while reducing predation risk68. |
Web | presence/absence | Webs on feet can facilitate swimming in the water69. | |
Pit organ | presence/absence | Pit organ is an important sensory system that detects ambient signals including infrared radiation and temperature70. | |
Habitat types | forest, shrub, grassland, wetland, waterside, waterbody, cultivated, developed | Santos & Cheylan (2013)71 | |
Food items | plant, mollusk, crustacean, annelid, myriapod, spider, insect, fish, amphibian, reptile, bird, mammal | Santos et al. (2013)71 | |
Activity | diurnal, nocturnal | Carvajal-Cogollo et al. (2015)72 | |
Venom | presence/absence | Jackson et al. (2019)73 | |
Reproductive mode | oviparity/ovoviviparity | Carvajal-Cogollo et al. (2015)72 |
