Table 4 The computed means of each goodness-of-fit statistics metric, including bias, RMSE, ubRMSE, and R in the evaluation against CEOP 5 cm soil moisture, and CTP-SMTMN top-layer (0–5 cm) soil moisture measurements for both open loop (OL) and multivariate data assimilation (MVDA) estimates between 2003 and 2019. n denotes the total number of stations.

From: Development of a multidecadal land reanalysis over High Mountain Asia

Evaluation sources

vs. CEOP soil moisture (n = 4)

vs. CTP-SMTMN soil moisture (n = 60)

Model estimates

OL

MVDA

OL

MVDA

Bias (m3/m3)

0.11

0.11

0.057

0.049

RMSE (m3/m3)

0.15

0.15

0.118

0.111

ubRMSE (m3/m3)

0.086

0.086

0.086

0.082

R (−)

0.72

0.63

0.59

0.70