Fig. 12

Episyrphus balteatus sample acquisition locations. In this study, a female E. balteatus was originally collected from Anyang City, Henan Province, China and inbreeding reared under controlled laboratory conditions for approximately 10 generations before the start of all experiments. In contrast, in the study of Hawkes and Sivell⁶⁵, a female E. balteatus specimen was collected from Wytham Woods, Oxfordshire, UK (latitude 51.77, longitude –1.34), and then used for DNA sequencing directly. In Doyle et al. study⁷⁹, two female Episyrphus (KatzBiotech strain) individuals captured in mountain pass of Bujaruelo (Puerto de Bujaruelo), a 2273 m pass on the French–Spanish border in the Pyrenees, were used for DNA sequencing directly without species identification. (The map image is derived from ArcGIS Online, copyrighted by Esri, and can be used in academic publications).