Table 2 Examples of news headlines on a Chinese financial website.

From: A cross-institutional database of operational risk external loss events in Chinese banking sector 1986–2023

No.

News headlines in English

Keyword for selecting

Keyword for excluding

Panel a: Operational Risk News

1

The credit card was stolen and swiped 53,000 yuan overnight.

Stolen

2

The bank’s deputy governor did not earnestly perform his duties in granting loans, causing the bank to lose 2.3 million yuan.

Lose

3

China Banking and Insurance Regulatory Bureau punishes a Bank by 6 million yuan.

Punish

4

Former bank staff used credit card recovery loopholes and applied for 5 cards for a malicious overdraft of 370,000.

Overdraft

5

Due to a mistake in the operation of the credit union, the citizens inexplicably bear a 100,000-yuan loan.

Mistake

Panel b: Non-Operational Risk News

1

What should I do if my bank card is stolen? How to prevent it?

Stolen

Prevent

2

There is no need to verify the credit card password for the transaction, and the Apple account is at risk of being stolen.

Stolen

Risk

3

The national credit card overdraft balance grew rapidly at the end of the second quarter.

Overdraft

National

4

A bank’s loan impairment loss in the first half of the year was 770 million yuan.

Loss

The first half of the year

5

A total of 133 abnormal transactions were investigated and dealt with in the second quarter.

Investigate

The second quarter