Table 2 Summary of data sources.

GIMMS NDVI

1982–2000

Biweekly

0.083°

https://ecocast.arc.nasa.gov/data/pub/gimms/3g.v1/

MODIS NDVI

2001–2022

8-day

250 m

Li et al.⁴³

China land cover dataset

1985–2022

Annually

30 m

https://zenodo.org/records/5816591#.ZAWM3BVBy5c²⁹

Vegetation map of the People’s Republic of China

—

—

1 km

https://www.plantplus.cn/doi/10.12282/plantdata.0155

Topography data

—

—

90 m

https://www.resdc.cn/data.aspx?DATAID=284

Temperature

1901–2022

Daily

0.1°

Yuan et al.⁴⁴

Precipitation

1901–2022

Daily

0.1°

Relative humidity

1901–2022

Daily

0.1°

Soil temperature

1901–2022

Daily

0.1°

https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/cdsapp#!/dataset/reanalysis-era5-single-levels?tab=overview⁴⁶

Soil moisture

1980–2022

Daily

0.1°

https://www.gleam.eu/⁴⁷

Radiation

1901–2022

6-hour

0.5°

https://catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/uuid/4bdf41fc10af4caaa489b14745c665a6

Soil moisture

2000–2020

Daily

1 km

https://cstr.cn/18406.11.RemoteSen.tpdc.272760⁴⁹