Table 1 Data source of this study.

Land/cropland Cover

Wheat in China 2001–2020

30 m

http://www.nesdc.org.cn/

Maize in China 1985–2020

30 m

https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.16437054

Rice in China 1990–2016

30 m

https://doi.org/10.57760/sciencedb.15865

Double rice in China 2016–2020

10 m

https://doi.org/10.12199/nesdc.ecodb.rs.2022.012

China rice, wheat, and maize planting dataset 2000–2019

1 km

https://doi.org/10.17632/jbs44b2hrk.2

Annual cropland dataset of China 1986–2021

30 m

https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7936885

China Land Cover Dataset 1985–2020

30 m

https://zenodo.org/record/8176941

Image data

Landsat images

30 m

Google Earth Engine

Field data

Agro-meteorological data

—

http://data.cma.cn/en

Vector data

Provincial administrative boundary data in China

—

https://www.resdc.cn/

Statistical data

Crop planting area

—

http://www.stats.gov.cn/english