Fig. 1

Overview of Cohort Composition and Data Processing in Gut Microbiota Study of RA patients (from APRAC) and HCs. (A) Pie charts represent the distribution of RA patients and HCs recruited from six centers. Each segment reflects the number of participants and their percentage from each location. (B) Bar graphs depict the cohort’s age distribution, categorized by gender and group (RA or HC). The x-axis indicates the number of individuals, while the y-axis lists the age ranges. (C) Pie chart displaying the age at disease onset for RA patients, with segments showing the number of patients and their corresponding age ranges. (D) Pie chart detailing the types and proportions of parameters documented by participants, categorized into demographic information, environmental factors, dietary habits, medication, clinical parameters, and extra-articular manifestations. (E) Pie chart illustrating the different extra-articular manifestations documented in the study, each segment indicates a system or organ involved and its percentage. (F) Flowchart summarizing the steps and tools used in data processing, from sampling and sequencing through bioinformatic analysis. Each icon represents a stage in the workflow, with a brief description underneath.