Table 1 Pathology Knowledge Contained in Three Widely-applied Pathology Data Modalities.

Hematoxylin and Eosin-stained Slide (a pathological slide created by staining cells and tissues in a diseased tissue with Hematoxylin and Eosin dyes)

Composition of diseased tissue: Residual normal tissues and cells either surrounding or interspersed within diseased tissues, along with diseased cells and their intracellular components, as well as chemical substances produced or stored by diseased cells, among others.

Histopathological Phenotype: The characteristics of diseased tissues at the tissue level, including the growth patterns and biological behaviors (such as compression, invasion, and infiltration towards normal tissue), and the spatial arrangement patterns of diseased cell populations (such as acinar arrangement, papillary arrangement, etc.).

Cytopathological Phenotype: The characteristics of diseased tissues at the cellular level, including changes in morphology and distribution location of diseased cell as well as its components (such as irregular nuclear shapes, alterations in cell size, etc.).

Immunohistochemistry Slide (a pathological slide created by staining antigens in a diseased tissue with one or more antibodies)

Immunophenotype: The characteristics of diseased tissues at the protein level, including changes in the types of proteins carried by diseased cells, alterations in proteins’ distribution locations within diseased cells, and variations in their quantity.

Pathology Report (a report recording the diagnosis process and results of a pathologist on a diseased tissue)

Pathological Diagnostic Approach: This refers to the systematic thought process of pathologists, which involves analyzing phenotypic characteristics, using phenotypes as a basis for diagnosis, and considering and excluding multiple diagnostic possibilities to ultimately arrive at the definitive diagnostic conclusion.