Fig. 9

Complementary Cumulative Distribution Function (CCDF) of instantaneous velocities and velocities time series. The instantaneous velocity between consecutive GPS records is computed using Eq. (2). (a) Corresponds to the CCDF of instantaneous velocity for those records labeled as “moving” (black line) and for those labeled as “stop” (red line). The vertical dashed line indicates the minimum value of the instantaneous velocity labeled as “moving” (0.55 m/s). (b) Temporal evolution of the instantaneous velocity for one of the participating groups throughout the experiment. Red dots correspond to those records classified as “stops”. (c) and (d) Two examples of the temporal evolution of instantaneous velocity for two different trajectories (groups). In both cases, the data include outliers—velocity records exceeding 20 m/s—which are clearly inconsistent with pedestrian movement and likely result from GPS errors or signal instability.