Fig. 5

Impact of read count normalization. In both panels, the top plots represent raw expression data, while the bottom plots show data after TPM (transcripts per million) normalization. All values are log2-transformed for better visualization. (a) Boxplots of log2(counts) and log2(TPM) show gene expression distribution across samples before and after normalization. The consistent median expression levels across conditions indicate effective normalization, ensuring comparability across samples. (b) Density plots of log2(counts) and log2(TPM) illustrate the impact of normalization on expression distributions. The improved overlap across groups in the bottom panel demonstrates greater distribution consistency, reducing batch effects and making samples suitable for differential expression analysis.