Table 1 Co-variables used for 100 m soil data prediction.

Monthly mean (Jan-Dec) maximum temperature from³⁸ 1958 to 2020

°C

Monthly mean minimum temperature (Jan-Dec)³⁸ from 1958 to 2020

°C

Monthly mean accumulated precipitation (Jan-Dec)³⁸ from 1958 to 2020

mm

Annual mean precipitation based on monthly accumulated precipitation³⁸

mm

Land surface temperature day-time monthly mean³⁹ (Mar.–Nov, 2000–2017)

°C

Land surface temperature night-time monthly mean³⁹ (Mar.-Nov, 2000–2017)

°C

Monthly mean of MODIS (MOD13Q1) NDVI (Mar. – Sept. 2000–2021)⁴⁰

MOD13Q1 NDVI⁴⁰ for 15–30 August, 2020

MOD13Q1 NDVI⁴⁰ for 1–15 July, 2020

Monthly mean Band 7 of MCD43A4 (Mar.- Sept. 2000–2021)⁴⁰

Highest NDVI of 2020 from Landsat 8 (https://developers.google.com/earth-engine/datasets/catalog/LANDSAT_LC08_C02_T2_L2), U.S. Geological Survey

Land cover of 2020 (https://www.cec.org/north-american-land-change-monitoring-system)

Elevation (https://open.canada.ca/data/en/dataset/7f245e4d-76c2-4caa-951a-45d1d2051333. Licence: CC?BY?4.0.)

m

Elevation derived landform classes^28,30

Elevation derived multiresolution index of the ridge top flatness (MRRTF)^29,30

Elevation derived multiresolution index of valley bottom flatness (MRVBF)^29,30

Elevation derived plan curvature³⁰

Elevation derived profile curvature³⁰

Elevation derived slope gradient³⁰

radians

Elevation derived topographic position index³⁰

Elevation derived valley depth³⁰

m

Elevation derived relative hill slope position³⁰

Elevation derived topographic wetness index³⁰

Depth to bedrock (https://open.canada.ca/data/en/dataset/83f37aa2-e362-f942-0ad0-de45c850b5b9)

m

Surficial geological materials⁴¹