Fig. 5

Distribution of network edge weight and network degree for urban value co-creation knowledge network and urban technology transfer knowledge network in 2011,2016 and 2021. (a,b) respectively show the explicit distribution of urban value co-creation knowledge network edge weight percentage and urban technology transfer knowledge network edge weight percentage. (c–e) illustrate the distribution of node degrees in value co-creation knowledge networks and technology transfer knowledge networks. We employ a power law to fit the degree distribution of the urban knowledge network and test the results with chi-square goodness-of-fit.