Fig. 6

Comparison of datasets at the grid level. The prefectures under consideration are located in Shijiazhuang for maize (38.08°N,114.82°E), Changsha for rice (28.28°N,112.51°E), Zhumadian for wheat (33.04°N,113.98°E), and the reference year is 2010. The first column is the high-resolution imaginary layers from the GEOVIS Earth (https://geovisearth.com/en). The second column shows the crop maps developed in this study. The third column presents the crop grids derived from the SPAM (Spatial Production Allocation Model) dataset. The fourth column illustrates the crop area pixels obtained from the CCA (China Crop Area) dataset. The fifth column displays the crop pixels from the CCP (China Cropping Patterns) dataset. The final column represents the crop distribution data sourced from the CCD (China Crop Dataset).