Fig. 4
From: Dynamical reconstruction of Southern Ocean and Antarctic climate variability since 1700
Annual time series of near-surface air temperature (relative to the 1958–2023 period; in °C) from Antarctic and sub-Antarctic weather stations over 1958–2023, based on observations (obs; black), the station-based reanalysis (recon; red), and ERA5 (green). The red shading represents one standard deviation of the ensemble of the station-based reanalysis. The geographical locations of each weather station are shown in Fig. 1.
