Table 1 Summary of the (advancing) contact angles θ of the invading phase on the beads, surface tension γ between the invading and defending phase, and the viscosity ratios η 1/η 2 of invading and defending phase for different materials combinations used in this study.

From: The Role of Local Instabilities in Fluid Invasion into Permeable Media

liquid pair

bead material

θ [°]

γ [mN/m]

η 1/η 2

Air - water

glass

20 ± 10

70

0.02/1

Dodecane - water

basalt

75 ± 15

47 ± 1

1.4/1

AK0.65 - water

glass

90 ± 10

40 ± 1

3.3/1

Dodecane - water

glass

125 ± 15

47 ± 1

1.4/1

AK100 - water

glass

135 ± 15

42 ± 2

100/1

AK10 - water

glass

140 ± 15

42 ± 2

10/1

AK1000 - water

glass

140 ± 15

45 ± 1

1000/1

Dodecane - water

glass (OTS)

165 ± 15

47 ± 1

1.4/1