Figure 1
Schematic of brain pathways controlling song in songbirds. Figure modified from Chakraborty and Jarvis23. Black arrows, posterior vocal motor pathway; White arrows, anterior vocal learning pathway; Dashed arrows, connections between the two pathways; Red arrow, specialized direct projection from forebrain to brainstem vocal motor neurons in vocal learners. Italicized letters indicates that these regions mainly show motor (m), auditory (a), equally both motor and auditory (m/a) neural activity or activity-dependent gene expression in awake animals. Not all connections are shown, for simplicity. Abbreviations: Av, avalanche; aDLM, anterior dorso-lateral nucleus of the thalamus; DM, dorsal medial nucleus of the midbrain; H, hyperpallium; HVC, a vocal nucleus (no abbreviation); L2, field L2; M, mesopallium; MAN, magnocellular nucleus of the anterior nidopallium; MO, oval nucleus of the anterior mesopallium; N, nidopallium; Nif, interfacial nucleus of the nidopallium; RA, robust nucleus of the arcopallium; XII, 12th nucleus, tracheosyringeal part.
