Table 1 Comparison of baseline characteristics before implementation with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation of the study subjects according to their survival status at ICU discharge.

Parameter	Survival (n = 21)	Death (n = 30)	P value
Age (years)	46.4 ± 14.3	59.5 ± 12.2	0.001
Male, n (%)	14 (66.7)	20 (66.7)	1.0
Body mass index (kg/m²)	26.8 (23.9~32.8)	24.3 (21.0~27.8)	0.043
Initial VA-ECMO, n (%)	3 (14.3)	5 (16.7)	1.0
ARDS diagnosis, n (%)
Viral pneumonia	9 (42.9)	3 (10.0)	0.016
Bacteria pneumonia	3 (14.3)	7 (23.3)	0.495
Trauma	1 (4.8)	1 (3.3)	1.0
Aspiration pneumonitis	0 (0.0)	2 (6.7)	0.506
Extra-pulmonary sepsis	1 (4.8)	2 (6.7)	1.0
Autoimmune diseases	0 (0.0)	7 (23.3)	0.033
Postoperative	1 (4.8)	1 (3.3)	1.0
Other acute pneumonia	6 (28.6)	7 (23.3)	0.673
Ventilator setting
PEEP (cmH2O)	13.6 ± 4.8	12.5 ± 3.8	0.346
MAP (mmHg)	21.4 ± 4.6	19.5 ± 5.3	0.183
Tidal volume (mL/kg)	5.5 (3.0~6.6)	6.3 (4.5~7.7)	0.064
PIP (cmH2O)	32.0 ± 7.0	31.0 ± 4.8	0.536
PaO2/FiO2	66.8 (52.0~74.9)	60.8 (52.6~89.1)	0.853
Duration of ventilation (days)	1.3 (0.3~2.0)	2.0 (0.9~7.9)	0.044
Rescue therapy, n (%)
Bicarbonate	9 (42.9)	13 (43.3)	0.973
Nitric oxide	6 (28.6)	11 (36.7)	0.546
Neuromuscular blocker	16 (76.2)	20 (66.7)	0.463
Steroid	2 (9.5)	8 (26.7)	0.167
Pre-ECMO condition, n (%)
Hypertension	9 (42.9)	10 (33.3)	0.489
Diabetes mellitus	6 (28.6)	8 (26.7)	0.881
Renal dialysis	3 (14.3)	7 (23.3)	0.495
Immunocompromised^a	3 (14.3)	13 (43.3)	0.035
Charlson score	2 (1~4)	4 (3~8)	0.007
SOFA score	9 ± 3	14 ± 5	<0.001
APACHE II score	13 ± 5	22 ± 9	<0.001
RESP score	2 (1~4)	−1 (−3~0)	<0.001

Continuous data values are shown as medians with inter-quartile ranges for variables with non-normally distributed characteristic, or means ± standard deviation for variables following normal distribution pattern. The number of patients with frequency (percentage, %) is shown for categorical data. The listed P values of statistical tests were calculated using Mann–Whitney U or Student’s t test for continuous data and the χ ² or Fisher’s exact test for categorical data. ^aImmunocompromised is defined as hematological malignancies, solid tumor, solid organ transplantation and/or cirrhosis. VA-ECMO, venous-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; ARDS, acute respiratory distress syndrome; PEEP, positive end-expiratory pressure; MAP, mean airway pressure; PIP, peak inspiratory pressure; PaO₂, partial pressure of oxygen; FiO₂, fraction of inspired oxygen; SOFA, sequential organ failure assessment; APACHE, acute physiology and chronic health evaluation; RESP, respiratory extracorporeal membrane oxygenation survival prediction.

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