Table 1 Uni- and multi-variable mixed effects model of pulse rate and the various physiological phases and the potential confounders (showing estimated change in PR per covariate).

From: Pulse Rate Measurement During Sleep Using Wearable Sensors, and its Correlation with the Menstrual Cycle Phases, A Prospective Observational Study

Covariate

Univariable model, estimated change in BPM (SE)

Multivariable model#, estimated change in BPM (SE)

Menstrual phase

  Menstruation

Reference

Reference

 Ovulatory phase

2.09 (0.2)***

2.19 (0.20)***

 Mid-luteal phase

3.81 (0.19)***

4.05 (0.20)***

Alcohol§

 No alcohol

Reference

Reference

 1–4 units

1.56 (0.12)***

2.11 (0.21)***

 5 or more units

5.90 (0.31)***

8.27 (0.53)***

 Large meal§ (binary)

1.56 (0.18)***

0.71 (0.28)*

Exercise§

 No exercise

Reference

Reference

 <60 minutes

−0.21 (0.16)

0.05 (0.24)

  > = 60 minutes

0.48 (0.21)*

0.48 (0.30)

Body mass index (KG/M2)

0.70 (0.24)**

0.65 (0.24)**

Weight (KG)a

0.16 (0.08)*

—

Sex§ (binary)

0.10 (0.21)

—

Shower§,▫ (binary)

0.30 (0.22)

—

Age (year)

−0.09 (0.17)

—

Height (centimeter)

−0.12 (0.13)

—

Coffee

0.36 (0.20)

—

  1. #Covariates not-included in the multivariable model are shown with a “—” in the table. §Within a four-hour period before sleep. ▫Data available for participants with device 2 and 3 only. aGiven the collinearity between weight and body mass index, only body mass index was included in the multivariable model. *, **, *** refer to a p-value < 0.05, 0.01, 0.001, respectively.
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